Arri Lights 300, 650 - Interview setup

Regardless of whether you’re shooting a scene for your short film, capturing interior footage for a documentary, or conducting a corporate interview, location lighting can be both challenging and rewarding. It’s a rare occasion when you can point a light directly at someone and have it look good. One of the most important aspects of location lighting is to make the scene look natural—unless, of course, you are doing a sci-fi piece. The process I’ve outlined is a guide for independent, corporate, and documentary filmmakers working on a small or nonexistent budget. It will take the mystery and guesswork out of the process, allowing you to work faster and achieve better results.

As you’ll see, the evaluation steps are the same . The main difference will be the design of your final lighting plan. Bigger budgets will afford you more options but not always better results. I’ll be working hard to balance the technical side with plain language, real obstacles, and real solutions. I’ll provide links to other posts where information that is more technical is available. I’ll also be creating more posts and videos on the subject.

Overexposed kitchen - Canon 7d

Let me take a moment to acknowledge that exposure is a science and an art. What some people find acceptable and even artistic, others deem unacceptable. If the subject or objects are too bright or too dark, you won’t be able to see detail, which usually is not what you want. I’ve worked for cinematographers who even say it’s wrong to compose a shot with a large window overexposed. My feeling is that it depends on the objective of your shot. Perhaps your objective is to create a sense of vulnerability, as though there is nowhere to escape. If so, you could create a scene of a blazingly hot summer day with a main character who can’t escape the heat or the inner demons he’s hiding from. With this objective, you design a shot sequence that stays within the high end of the exposure range—meaning there are virtually no shadows, no shade, and nowhere to hide. Your main character comes in from the street; both he and the audience hope for relief, but instead, he enters a sunlit room with a large window so overexposed that it’s white. He can’t escape! The window is not properly exposed, but it creates tension and thus serves a purpose. At some point, you could cut away, have him pull the curtain, or enter a side room exposed on the middle or lower end of the exposure range. This would allow him to escape and relieve the tension created by the previous sequence.

Underexposed Kitchen - Canon 7d

This knowledge is necessary for the one shooting, but even directors and producers will benefit from a basic understanding of the tools and skills needed to control windows and practicals.  Window light is free; so learning to control levels and color temperature will save you time and money.

Evaluate the “Story Needs” of Your Shot

 You’ll need to determine how much of the environment is needed to tell your story. This will determine how wide your widest shot needs to be. This is a directorial decision that I’m not going to get into here except to say that if the environment is an important character, or gives us specific insight, it should be worked in. How you work this in will have a huge impact on your lighting plan. Let’s say you have a man walking into a room to talk with his wife.

Video Lighting Entrance

How much of that room do we need to see? Do you need to have a shot wide enough to cover the entire walk in a full shot ? Depending on many other factors, including how stylized you want the shot to be, the setup may take longer than your available time or may simply be impossible with the lighting package at your disposal. In such a case, you could get creative and find a solution in the way you frame your shot. By framing something large in the foreground or shooting through a doorway, you’ll be able to minimize the width of the shot while still showing the man’s entrance as well as the room. You would be staging your actors deep and shooting coverage of mostly medium shots. This solution would provide you with the opportunity to show only parts of the room rather than the entire area. This would also give you more opportunity to hide lights and to crop out problem areas.

 If you’re shooting a sit-down interview, ask yourself how important it is to see this environment; is it just background? If this were an artist surrounded by his or her paintings, a wide shot would be ideal—but beware; depending on the space, lighting an interview-wide shot with style means lighting the room, the objects, and the subjects. Conversely, if the location has little or nothing to do with what the interview is about, the close-up shot is fine. It’s the person and what he or she is emoting that are important. Shooting close-ups requires fewer lighting instruments and makes your lighting job a whole lot easier.

 Evaluate Existing Practicals and Windows

A large room soaks up a lot of light, so windows and practicals such as ceiling lights can be your best friend. If the furniture, curtains, or walls are dark, you will need large and multiple lighting instruments to bring the light level up to an acceptable exposure.

 One of the most important decisions you’ll need to make is how you will use these existing light sources. Do you have aesthetic or practical reasons for incorporating a window in the shot? Will you incorporate existing ceiling lights, table and floor lamps, or other practicals into the frame while shooting?

Measure the brightest and darkest areas in the room. You can measure the light with a light meter, a calibrated monitor, a waveform monitor, or your camera’s viewfinder. Don’t worry about this right now. For now, it’s enough to know that light is measured. If you plan to do this a lot, I strongly suggest that you learn to read with a light meter. It will save you time! I deal with reading a light meter in workshops, and I’ll eventually create a video. For now, it’s enough to know that cameras deal with f-stops, and if the f-stop of your dark areas and bright areas are too far apart, your exposure range is too wide, and many shots will be either underexposed and black or overexposed and white.

The window reads f-32 on a sunny day, and the shadow areas read f-2; that’s an exposure ratio of 8:1. The bright areas are 128 times brighter than the darkest areas and too wide to be within the acceptable exposure range of our camera. The exposure range refers to the range of light levels from brightest to darkest that our camera can capture while maintaining texture details in the areas we want to see. This range has also been referred to as zones, most notably by photographer Ansel Adams. As a director of photography, or gaffer, you’ll need to be able to read these measuring tools and evaluate your lighting options. The alternative is a whole lot of trial and error, which takes precious time away from shooting and usually leads to inferior results.

What you’re looking to accomplish, in its simplest form, is to narrow the exposure range so that the highest and lowest light level readings are no farther apart than what your camera can handle, usually no higher than a 4:1 ratio; everything else is art and at your discretion.

Evaluate Your Tools and Your Crew

No-budget and low-budget filmmaking is not only about being creative, going guerrilla, or thinking out-of-the-box. It’s also about recognizing that there are limitations to what you and your crew can accomplish. Working with friends and volunteers can be fun for your first couple of productions, but when “been there and done that” gets old, your expectations will rise, and you’ll want to spend more time shooting quality footage and less time solving lighting problems. This is where the gaffer and grip come in. With very little direction, a skilled gaffer and grip team can quickly rough in a lighting plan and solve basic lighting problems while you concentrate on performance. If you haven’t been on a set with this level of skill, I recommend talking to a director who has had the pleasure of this kind of crew support. You’ll be surprised at how much more you can accomplish.

 Here are some of the questions you should ask yourself before you start shooting.

 How “deep” is your grip and electric department?

JH & Film Crew

Deep is the term the industry uses for how many people there are within the department. Are you a “no-budget indie,” the person who is going to be both the gaffer and the grip, or are you a “low-budget indie” with a gaffer, best boy, and a key grip with a department production assistant? I know that a handful of you are thinking this sounds more like a big-budget film, but it really isn’t. I’ve worked as a gaffer and grip on many low-budget independent films that have been at least two deep in each department. This was just enough personnel,with a reasonable amount of locations and equipment—although not enough on the jobs with plenty of equipment and an overambitious director.

How many setups do you need to do per day?

flags, nets and lights

Making good decisions about what is reasonable comes with experience. I’ll be posting more on this, but I urge you to overestimate how much you’re planning to do, and do it well. You’ll have a better movie, and your crew will be more likely to help you again. At some point, you’re doing a disservice to the crew, your movie, and the independent filmmaking industry by underestimating the job requirements and continually asking crew to work 14 to 16 hours. It’s not safe, and it’s not sustainable. Learn from your mistakes, and make the necessary changes. See my post on working with experienced and inexperienced crew.

Do you have the right amount of grip and lighting gear for the setups?

Without going into detail on how to match this up, the basic idea is that you don’t want a full lighting truck and only two crewmembers to set up, adjust, break down, and carry the equipment back to the truck. It also doesn’t make sense to have a large department if you have three lights. If you’ve done the location scouts, you know what your challenges are. You need enough gear to tackle your most complicated lighting setup. This can be predetermined with basic lighting and light-meter reading knowledge. Will you need gels or screens to control or color the light coming through the windows? Do you have stands and flags to help you control light? Do you have a beadboard or foam core to help you bounce light, or diffusion to help you soften light? How about a ladder, sand bags, or apple boxes? These are just a few of the things that, combined with people who know how to use them, will help you create a beautiful scene.

Create a Lighting Plan

You’ve had the opportunity to evaluate the needs of your shot, physical characteristics of the location, existing practicals and windows, and lighting gear and ability of your crew. It’s time to create a lighting plan, and for our purposes, we’ll assume that this is a no-budget film or documentary style shoot and that you have one person working as a gaffer in the grip.

In our example, our brightest area is f32 , which is 128 times brighter than our darkest area, an f2. This yields an exposure ratio of an 8:1 light ratio. This means that if we expose our subject using the brightest area, a large portion of the shot will be extremely dark; conversely, if we expose our person at the levels based on the darkest area, the shot will be too bright and the window will be severely overexposed. We’re working with a small lighting package and don’t have the time to gel the windows neatly enough for the gel to look like it’s the windowpane; thus, we need to exclude the window from the shot.

What can we do?

ND gel on window

We can tape a full orange (full CTO) as well as a neutral density gel (ND9) over the window, not worrying about hiding it. This is a quick fix, but as the gels will be draped over the window, we’ll be unable to frame a wide shot that includes the window. This will reduce the light by four stops (F11) and change the light color from daylight to tungsten, more closely matching the lights in our kit. We’re now working with a 5:1 lighting ratio. Next, we’ll place some white foam core on the floor, letting the window light reflect off it. We’ll turn on our existing practicals and aim our largest light at the white ceiling. With our base exposure range up from an F2 to an F 2.8, our ratio is reduced to 4:1. This is larger than we want, but it’s at a level that our light kit can work at. At this level, we can accent the back wall, diffuse the key light, and create a bounced edge. The area the actors are in is large enough to fit three characters staged deep instead of wide and reads an f-4, f-5.6, and f-8 within the area of motion. This puts the exposure for our actors right in the middle of our exposure range. The trick in this situation was framing our shot to contain the action but not the window by staging the actors deep. We also recognized that we had a small crew and very few lights, so we worked with the window light coming into the room and adapted our setup to work with the lights we had.

If you want to become better at lighting, pay attention to the lighting around you and the way it changes throughout the day. Begin to notice whether the light in the room makes you feel gloomy or happy. Create a frame in your mind or with your hands, and note the bright spots and shadow areas. Pay attention to people’s faces and the way they look next to windows, next to table lamps, under overhead fluorescence lights, and in the numerous other scenarios that exist. Find reality lighting designs that you’ll want to replicate or be influenced by. Keep in mind, however, that the human eye has a larger exposure range than a photographed image has. Humans can deal with a 10:1 exposure ratio; most cameras cannot.

It’s possible to light with purpose. But like everything else it starts with intention.

Join the forum discussion on this post

I believe filmmaking is a team sport so, I’m assuming you are working with a small or large crew. On the best productions crew members have a copy of the the days shooting script and accompanying shot-list. This list will be used by department heads to determine what they need to prepare and when it will be seen in the shot. They know this because everyone uses the same language. There are some variations but the terms are easy to understand and cross over easily.

cinema close shot

Cinema medium shot

Tim Wuolle

Broadcast Media Professional-Available for Freelance

Phoenix, Arizona Area 

Broadcast Media

I was approached to do freelance work on a government project. The want me to shoot and edit using all of my own equipment. I’m using wireless mics, lights, Sony NX5U HD cam, and FCP to edit on my mac. The want me to give them an hourly rate pus a day rate. There is also travel involved. (flight) I want to charge the going rate. Also, what travel expenses should be included? Any help would be great. Thanks!

Tim Wilson • There’s only one way to figure out what to charge: figure out how much your services cost to provide, and charge more than that.

“The going rate” has nothing to do with it. Neither does your level of experience or the kind of client. If you can’t make more than you spend, change your expenses, change your rate, or find another job.

I hate to sound harsh, but the only way for any business to survive is to make more than you spend.

Some thoughts:

1) If you’re a freelancer getting paid hourly, you’ll never get paid for every hour. Standing in line at the bank, writing invoices, cleaning your desk, talking on the phone, etc. etc. – you’ll be lucky to actually bill half the hours in a week.

2) Which is why I agree that half-day rates are more trouble than they’re worth. Besides, once you count up winding down what you’re working on, loading your stuff in the car, setting up, tearing down, traveling back — your half day shoot is 2 hours MAX. If the client expects a 4-hour shoot to equal half a day, that’s nuts. It costs you more like six hours, even if you’re just driving across town.

3) On to the real math. Count up your actual costs for everything – work-related car expenses, liability insurance, consumables (disks, tapes, light bulbs, etc.), phone bills, electricity…

…and then food, health insurance, life insurance, your car, your house, your kids, TV, movies, clothes.

Now, take all of that, and divide it by 20 hrs/wk, which is the number of hours that you should assume to be safe.

Let’s get THEORETICAL. If it costs $50,000 to do all that, and you want to work 50 wks/yr, you need $1000/wk to meet my target. 1000/20 hrs = $50/hr. To break even.

Now add up how often you want to refresh your gear. A new computer every x years, new software, new chair, whatever. That’s another $5-10/hr.

Oops, taxes. If you need $60/hr just to cover your expenses, you need to add another 25-30% to cover your nut – you’re now looking at $75-80/hr.

Want to put anything in savings? IRA? Better to start when you’re young. If you want to set aside 10% of your income, you’re now looking $80-90/hr in the face.

That’s why I say that experience, client, the going rate mean nothing. At the end of the day, no matter what your career, your actual job is making more than you spend.

Now, if you’re in a position where the going rate is a hard ceiling…and it might be…do all of that math in reverse. Can you make a living at the going rate? It’s easy math.

On to the specifics of the original question: government work is tough to budget for. My primary clients as a producer were NOAA, Everglades National Park, and EPA. I charged them differently for a long-term contract than I did the state police for a one-off.

I had a colleague who was a civilian contractor for DoD – he made as much for one job as I made in a year. If either of us had pitched the other’s client with the rates we’d originally charged our own clients, we’d both have been laughed out of the room.

If you can’t ask the budget up front, or it’s one of those “you tell ME the budget, and I’ll get the money allocated” kind of deals, then do the math I talked about earlier in this post. If the job is rock-solid for more than 20 hrs/week, adjust accordingly.

In any case, it’s your job to figure out how much it costs you to stay in business. Charge more than that.

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To see See more production setups and final product here